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Swift uses Automatic Reference Counting (ARC) to manage memory by automatically tracking and deallocating objects when they are no longer needed. However, developers must be mindful of strong reference cycles, particularly when working with closures, delegation, and object relationships.

To prevent memory leaks, best practices include:

- Using weak or unowned references when necessary, especially in closures and delegate patterns.

- Breaking reference cycles with capture lists ([weak self] or [unowned self]).

- Monitoring memory usage with Instruments (Leaks and Allocations Profiler).

Structs and classes are both used to define custom data types, but they have fundamental differences:

-Structs are value types, meaning they are copied when assigned or passed. They are thread-safe and ideal for lightweight, immutable models.

-Classes are reference types, meaning they share the same instance in memory. They are best for objects requiring shared state or identity, such as view controllers and database models.

A strong Swift engineer knows to favor structs by default for efficiency but uses classes when inheritance, reference semantics, or shared state are necessary.

Property wrappers are a feature in Swift that allow developers to encapsulate common property logic and reuse it across multiple properties. They help reduce boilerplate code and enforce consistency in state management.

For example, SwiftUI uses @State to manage view state:

@propertyWrapper

struct Capitalized {

private var value: String = ""

var wrappedValue: String {

get { value }

set { value = newValue.uppercased() }

}

}

struct User {

@Capitalized var name: String

}

This ensures any assigned string is automatically capitalized.

A strong candidate will explain real-world use cases, such as managing user defaults (@AppStorage), dependency injection, or state handling in SwiftUI.

Concurrency in Swift is handled using Grand Central Dispatch (GCD) and Swift’s modern async/await syntax.

GCD (DispatchQueue) uses a queue-based system with manual callbacks, making it more complex and error-prone.

Async/await provides a structured, readable way to write asynchronous code, reducing callback nesting and improving maintainability.

Example of async/await:

func fetchData() async throws -> Data {

let url = URL(string: "https://api.example.com/data")!

let (data, _) = try await URLSession.shared.data(from: url)

return data

}

A strong senior engineer will know when to use each approach, favoring async/await for modern projects but still understanding GCD for fine-grained thread management.

A well-structured app should separate concerns and promote modularity. Common architecture patterns include:

MVVM (Model-View-ViewModel) – Separates UI logic from business logic, improving testability.

VIPER (View-Interactor-Presenter-Entity-Router) – Encourages a strict separation of concerns for complex apps.

Modular Architecture – Breaks down the app into independent frameworks or packages to improve scalability and maintainability.

A strong candidate will explain their architecture choices, discuss best practices like dependency injection, SOLID principles, and how to scale a Swift codebase efficiently.